Measurements of Trace Substances in the Arctic Troposphere as Potential Precursors and Constituents of Arctic Haze     

W. Jaeschke  T. Salkowski  J. P. Dierssen  J. T. Trümbach  U. Krischke  A. Günther 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,34(3):291-319

During two measuring campaigns in early spring 1994 and 1995 (March/April) and one campaign in summer 1994, measurements of ozone, PAN, sulfur dioxide, nitric acid, and particulate nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium (only 1995) were recorded in the Arctic. Observations were made by aircraft at various sites in the eastern and western Arctic. Ozone concentrations showed a steady increase with altitude both in spring and summer. During five flights in springtime, low ozone events (LOEs) could be observed near the surface and up to altitudes of 2000 m. SO₂ background concentrations, ranging from detection limit (0.5 nmol/m³) to 5 nmol/m³, were observed during both spring and summer. Distinct maxima up to 55 nmol/m³ in lower altitudes were only obtained in springtime. Concentrations of the organic nitrate PAN were within a similar range as those of the inorganic nitrate HNO₃ during spring campaigns. In contrast, concentrations of particulate nitrate were one half an order of magnitude lower. HNO₃ concentrations increased significantly with altitude. Evidently, HNO₃ was intruded from the stratosphere into the troposphere. Sulfate concentrations ranged between 5 and 30 nmol/m³; ammonium concentrations were obtained within a range from 10 to 50 nmol/m³.  相似文献   

A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  

Frank J. Dentener  Paul J. Crutzen 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(4):331-369

Using a three-dimensional (3-D) transport model of the troposphere, we calculated the global distributions of ammonia (NH₃) and ammonium (NH ₄ ⁺ ), taking into account removal of NH₃ on acidic aerosols, in liquid water clouds and by reaction with OH. Our estimated global 10°×10° NH₃ emission inventory of 45 Tg N-NH₃ yr^– provides a reasonable agreement between calculated wet NH ₄ ⁺ deposition and measurements and of measured and modeled NH ₄ ⁺ in aerosols, although in Africa and Asia especially discrepancies exist.NH₃ emissions from natural continental ecosystems were calculated applying a canopy compensation point and oceanic NH₃ emissions were related to those of DMS (dimethylsulfide). In many regions of the earth, the pH found in rain and cloud water can be attributed to acidity derived from NO, SO₂ and DMS emissions and alkalinity from NH₃. In the remote lower troposphere, sulfate aerosols are calculated to be almost neutralized to ammonium sulfate (NH₄)₂SO₄, whereas in the middle and upper troposphere, according to our calculations, the aerosol should be more acidic, as a result of the oxidation of DMS and SO₂ throughout the troposphere and removal of NH₃ on acidic aerosols at lower heights. Although the removal of NH₃ by reaction with the OH radical is relatively slow, the intermediate NH₂ radical can provide a substantial annual N₂O source of 0.9 _–0.4 ^+0.9 Tg, thus contributing byca. 5% to estimated global N₂O production. The oxidation by OH of NH₃ from anthropogenic sources accounts for 10% of the estimated total anthropogenic sources of N₂O. This source was not accounted for in previous studies, and is mainly located in the tropics, which have high NH₃ and OH concentrations. Biomass burning plumes, containing high NO _x and NH₃ concentrations provide favourable conditions for gas phase N₂O production. This source is probably underestimated in this model study, due to the coarse resolution of the 3-D model, and the rather low biomass burning NH₃ and NO _x emissions adopted. The estimate depends heavily on poorly known concentrations of NH₃ (and NO _x ) in the tropics, and uncertainties in the rate constants of the reactions NH₂ + NO₂ N₂O + H₂O (R4), and NH₂ + O₃ NH₂O + O₂ (R7).  相似文献   

在四丁基碘化铵—铜铁试剂体系中用极谱法同时测定痕量铀和钍   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王享芝 《铀矿地质》1991,7(3):188-191,192

  相似文献   

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN AMMONIUM UPTAKE AND NITRATE UPTAKE BY NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTONASSEMBLAGES   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

焦念志 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1993,11(2):97-107

Measurements of ammonium and nitrate uptakes by natural phytoplankton assemblages from Jiaozhou Bay at various combinations of ammonium and nitrate concentrations with 15N trace techniques showed that uptake rate of either nitrogen was influenced by the presence of the other but that the influence of ammonium on nitrate uptake was much greater than, that of nitrate on ammonium uptake. The influence mechanism of ammonium on nitrate uptake manifested as competition at lower concentrations and as inhibition at higher concentrations (ammonium concentration >0.6 umol/L), but no total inhibition appeared within the concentration.range of the experiments (0-10umol/L). The influence of nitrate on ammonium uptake seems to be a result of competition for uptake sites on the cell surface. In view of the in situ nutrient concentration in the given marine . environment, it is believed that both nitrogen sources are utilized by phytoplankton. Nitrate uptake in the presence of ammonium and ammonium uptake in the presen  相似文献   

离子交换法生产碳酸钾的工艺探讨     

王秀巩固  唐明林等 《矿物岩石》1990,10(1):166-169

本文讨论以工业KCI和NH4HCO3为原料、采用离子交换法（国产732钠型树脂）生产K2CO3的工艺。小试验的结果：以20％KCI溶液上柱，以分段交换率在50％以前为穿漏点、流速为0．033(ml/min.ml树脂）时，总交换率达83．3％，工作交换容量达2．24（毫摩尔钾／ml树脂）；当以饱和NH4HCO3溶液进行解脱、流速在0．033(ml/min.ml树脂）时，解脱率达91．8％，产品的含量为98．2％。  相似文献   

有机累托石的合成与特性研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

陈济美 《矿物学报》1991,11(1):86-91

累托石是二八面体云母层与蒙脱石层1：1规间民支矿物，兼有云母和蒙脱三 某些特征。本文利用二甲基十八烷基羟乙基季铵盐与累托石进行阳离子交换反应合成有机累托石。并采用物理化学、X射线衍射、差热、热失重和红外吸收光谱等分析方法对它的特性进行了研究。经季铵盐复合处理后，累托放扣蒙脱石层间被有机阳离子覆盖，它的面网间距d001由原来的24.8°/A增至29.5°/A。累托石粘土亲水憎油性转变为憎水亲油性有机粘土后能在有机溶剂中膨胀和分散。它是一种有应用前景的新材料。  相似文献   

氯溴碘连续电位滴定研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

但德忠  姚红英 《矿物岩石》1991,11(2):108-113

本文对Cl~-,Br~-,I离子的连续电位滴定进行了详细研究,着重解决了Cl~-,Br~-离子高摩尔比连测的难题。采用Gran作图法并严格控制操作条件,Cl~-,Br~-,I~-摩尔比从1:1:1至100:1:1均能准确测定。方法操作简单、快速、准确。  相似文献   

铵含量和氮同位素对成岩成矿环境的示踪   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张作衡  毛景文 《地质论评》2002,48(6):634-641

在自然界中除氮气和硝酸根外，氮通常呈化合物铵离子存在，除部分有机质裂解生成的铵以游离吸附状存在于土壤、岩石及热水溶液中外，大部分深源和有机质裂解生成的铵，以固定铵的形式置换钾、钠、钙、铷和锶等存在于矿物中，在成岩成矿以及变质作用过程中，铵均可以进入矿物的晶格。铵替代钾、钠等的数量与岩石形成的环境有着密切关系，氮同位素分馏程度较大，在不同环境中分馏程度明显不同，δ^15N具有较大的分布范围，因此铵含量和氮同位素成为水-岩反应，岩浆来源和结晶，壳-幔相互作用过程和判别成矿物质来源的有效示踪剂之一。  相似文献   

Methyl halide hydrolysis rates in natural waters     

Scott Elliott  F. Sherwood Rowland 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1995,20(3):229-236

International regulations are under consideration for methyl bromide because of its high time dependent ozone depletion potential. Geocycling of the species is not well understood, and removal may occur in several types of natural water incuding the oceanic and those in soils. The hydrolysis reaction is a dominant loss pathway in environmental aqueous systems, but rate constants have generally been reported only in distilled water and at greater than room temperature. Here we present measurements in sodium chloride solutions and in seawater in addition to pure water, and at temperatures across the oceanographic range. The reaction could be followed even in solutions near the freezing point because product methanol was monitored in the method of initial rates. Time constants for methyl bromide hydrolysis fall between 10 and 1000 days over the temperatures of the sea, and are always within an order of magnitude of the fastest abiotic destruction mode, chlorination. Activation energies for the two processes are similar so that the ratio of their time scales does not vary with oceanic location. Hydrolysis rate constants are also listed for the closely related compounds methyls iodide and chloride. Solvolysis of the methyl halides in natural waters acts as a source of methanol to the ocean and atmosphere.  相似文献   

ISORROPIA: A New Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model for Multiphase Multicomponent Inorganic Aerosols   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  

Athanasios Nenes  Spyros N. Pandis  Christodoulos Pilinis 《Aquatic Geochemistry》1998,4(1):123-152

A computationally efficient and rigorous thermodynamic model that predicts the physical state and composition of inorganic atmospheric aerosol is presented. One of the main features of the model is the implementation of mutual deliquescence of multicomponent salt particles, which lowers the deliquescence point of the aerosol phase.The model is used to examine the behavior of four types of tropospheric aerosol (marine, urban, remote continental and non-urban continental), and the results are compared with the predictions of two other models currently in use. The results of all three models were generally in good agreement. Differences were found primarily in the mutual deliquescence humidity regions, where the new model predicted the existence of water, and the other two did not. Differences in the behavior (speciation and water absorbing properties) between the aerosol types are pointed out. The new model also needed considerably less CPU time, and always shows stability and robust convergence.  相似文献